1/09/2014

思考的藝術 #71,#75 , #80 黑天鵝

#71 alternative blindness
當醫生告訴你, 你有2種選擇, 不開刀活5年, 或是開刀成功機率 50%;
當理財專員告訴你, 你快買這檔基金, 年利率5%, 遠高於你現在放在存摺裡賺1%利息;
當政治家訴求,把這個地區建構成運動場館, 比他留著當空地好;

這些訴求都是2選1, 我們聽的人往往跟著, 只在他們設計的兩個選項中決定; 但是我們不能跳脫出來, 找第3甚至第4選項?

#75 black swan
我們面對的未來, 有三種不同的資訊和情境:
known facts; I know the fact that Taipei is 150 km away from Taichung.
known unknowns: I know how big of the universe is unknown. I know he will die but his due date  is unknown.
unknown unknowns: I don't know when the earthquake destroyed the area? I don't  know what kind of financial crisis will happen? I don't know what disease will spread the country and how many people will die?

known unknowns are risks that we may estimate or manage.
unknown unknowns are uncertainty that we may not know the reason and impact.

我們要學會猜測不確定的發展方向,然後做準備,不要等到好事(機會來了)或壞事(災難)來了而措手不及。

#80 ambiguity aversion
我們人們常常希望未來是在自己預期的軌跡上,面對模糊的事情往往想要避之唯恐不及。然而世界上可以用機率計算和準確預估的決策少之又少, 我們必須學習面對模糊,接收模糊, 然後思考如何管理不確定的未來。


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